Sonet Digital Hierarchy Essay Sample free essay sample

* Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) is a normalized multiplexing convention that transportations different computerized spot conduits over optical fiber using optical masers or light breathing redressing tubes ( LEDs ) . SONET was planned by the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) for the USA people phone web in the mid 1980’’s because of the disintegration of AT A ; T. With the disintegration. army local phone organizations were made and those organizations experienced web occupations cooperating each piece great as altogether. SONET was made as the new standard for these organizations to use for their fiber visual significant distance cabling. SONET is like the T-1 transmittal administration since it is an optical transmittal administration and can introduce numerous informations channels from various beginnings. SONET is unique in relation to T-1 designing as it utilizes fiber visual media each piece great as various circumscribing procedures than a T-1 transmittal administration. SONET other than gives an a lot higher transmittal limit than T-1. We will compose a custom paper test on Sonet Digital Hierarchy Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A portion of the points of interest gave by SONET are. fiber is extremely unafraid. fiber has truly low spot blunder rates. fiber is resistant to obstruction. Despite the fact that SONET has the conceivable to offer enormous entireties of transfer speed to the terminal client. it is other than extremely costly. SONET administrations cost around 20 % more than other advanced administrations of a similar data transfer capacity. * * Derdavis3. . ( 2012 ) . T ( X ) and Synchronous Optical Network ( sonet ) Digital Hierarchy Ntc/362. Recovered from hypertext move convention:/www. studymode. com/essys/t-x-And-Synchronous-Optical-Network-Sonet-1058354. hypertext markup language * * Woodcock. R. ( n. d. ) . Determining an Understanding of SONET. Recovered from hypertext move convention:/misnt. indstate. edu/harper/Sonet. htm

Essay Sample on Reconstruction Policy and the South after the Civil War

Paper Sample on Reconstruction Policy and the South after the Civil War After the common war, the basic undertaking of the Central Government was to receive a legitimate arrangement of recreation and re-association with the end goal of fortifying the American Federation. Yet, because of different reasons, the undertaking was a perplexing one. The dismal death of President Lincoln made it adequately certain that the devotees were firmly contradicted to a dynamic approach. He, for sure, had despised servitude and wanted its cancelation. However, he really battled for Union and not for the liberation of the slaves all things considered. His main role was to secure and protect the solidarity of the Federation by impeding the deteriorating disposition of the South. Along these lines, after the finish of the common war, the Primary Task of the new President, Andrew Johnson, was to complete a liberal appeasement as supported by his antecedent. However, the triumphant North, aware of its own misfortune because of the war, was in no way, shape or form mollifying in its disposition towards the South. In any event at first, the conditions of the North were agreeable to receiving an approach of counter (L. Mukherjee). In this way, unpleasant fights broke out between the President and Congress which was overwhelmed by the Republicans. In actuality, the gathering arrangement of America was, during this time, nearly confined and the Republican Party had no solid base in the south. This is additionally an explanation behind which it didn't, at first, take a lot of care for the interests of the South. The Reconstruction Act of 1867-68 given that the Southern states ought to be treated as the vanquished regions to be regulated by the military Governors and were to be readmitted to the Federation after they endorsed the fourteenth amendment of the constitution. As a portion of the states retained such approval, the Congress continued to expose the South to Negro-rule under military security. Normally, the Negroes exploited this arrangement and the rule of ‘Black Terror’ appeared. In any case, bit by bit, an essential change introduced principally because of political and established measures. Strategically, the Southern states came to understand that the Federation was indestructible and any such endeavor to break it would without a doubt end futile. The Federation was ensured and it was educated to all that the units of and no one, anyway strong and incredible, reserved the privilege to split it up. The common war likewise settled the way that the Center, however ruled by the Northern states, was, for guaranteeing Federal solidarity qualified for embrace exacting military measures. Such acknowledgment gradually imbued in the South the possibility of national solidarity and solidarity. Likewise, the Northern states corrected their previous stand and acknowledged the Southern states as the vital piece of the Federation. Along these lines the South were brought again into the Union and the renegades were instructed to be faithful residents. Obviously, the gathering framework likewise helped much in the development of such solidarity. Slowly the Republican Party extended its associations in the South and the, in the end, it also went about as a binding together power. Intrinsically, as well, the procedure was towards unification. As O.P Goyal watches, â€Å"The thirteenth (1865), fourteenth (1868) and fifteenth (1870) corrections became out of the common war† (Goyal). The thirteenth amendment canceled bondage which so since quite a while ago showed up as a bone of substance between the South and the North. The fourteenth amendment characterized citizenship and prohibited states to deny people of life, freedom and property â€Å"without fair treatment of law†. The abolishment of the foundation of subjection has achieved the liberation of billions of individuals who had for such a long time compelled to stay as the losses of current human advancement. The Negroes, who had endured much because of racial contempt, were presently positioned in force and position. Along these lines the individuals of the North and South were gotten a condition of uniformity. The fifteenth amendment disallowed the Governments, both focal and commonplace, fr om shortening the option to cast a ballot as a result of race, shading, living arrangement or different past states of subjugation. Consequently the idea of fairness and freedom was maintained through the constitution and, normally, most by far of the Southern individuals who so since quite a while ago supported resentment against the inside, got steadfast and agreeable. The republic was, in any case, reinforced by the common war. America rose out of it with another soul, expectation and force. It currently embraced an intense arrangement †France had to pull back its military from Mexico and Britain was convinced to make up for the American misfortune in the Alabama issue. This political factor had its impact on the monetary side as well. The Center, despite everything overwhelmed by the North, demonstrated a down to earth sense in this issue. The Government embraced an arrangement which empowered quick industrialization and this plan to a great extent helped the South to continue towards thriving. As expressed before, the slave-subordinate society of the South currently turned out to be considerably more objective in their methodology and focused on the arrangement of levelheaded industrialization. Because of the abrogation of the slave-framework, and the new soul of industrialization, they separated the huge domains and put resources into the industrialization procedure. Along these lines an economy of cotton-development offered path to the mechanical upheaval. They presently produced their own merchandise and the spread of railroads extended their business sectors and furthermore joined them with the North. In the spot of localism, another sentiment of solidarity and network of interests grew up. Along these lines the North and the South joined and shaped a solid Federation. Fast industrialization not just improved the expectation for everyday comforts of the South, yet in addition guaranteed a territorial parity in the economy. This is an example History article composed without any preparation by one of our scholastic scholars. On the off chance that you need to arrange a custom article, research project, inquire about paper, theory/exposition or other composed task on any point contact our organization to get proficient scholarly composing help.

19th Century Clues Explored with 21st Century Writing Tools Richmond Writing

19th Century Clues Explored with 21st Century Writing Tools Richmond Writing Here, avatar Beeble Baxter muses upon the image of Immanuel Swedenborg in Richmonds virtual House of Usher. During our pedagogical collaborations in virtual reality, there have been surprising parallels with traditional composition, but finding these parallels is not difficult. More challenging is the invention of an engaging and useful composition in virtual reality for use in our courses to help us to create that balance of challenge and learning that Lev Vygotsky called the zone of proximal development, or ZPD. Poes horror story The Fall of the House of Usher has always fascinated me in terms of its psychological prescience and its manifold intriguing but arcane details. Like many Poe characters, Roderick Usher is melancholic and has surrendered to the grim phantasm, FEAR that seems to   paralyze him. Sometimes a cursory reading of Poe moves us to dismiss his tales as merely formulaic, but his details are often doors to the dank dungeons of the human psyche. The narrator of this tale, responding to Rodericks desperate letter, attempts to distract his friends obsessive and fevered mind as they pored together over the titles in Ushers library. In so doing, the narrator gains some understanding of Ushers disintegrating psyche, but we do not. However, it only takes a look behind the mention of Immanuel Swedenborgs Heaven and Hell (1758) to get a more detailed insight into Rodericks madness. The full title of the text the narrator finds in Ushers Library is Heaven and its Wonders and Hell from things Heard and Seen.   Swedenborg begins with an exegesis of Matthew 24:2931 in which he makes the following claim after dismissing the literal reading of the passage:  However, people who believe such things are not aware of the hidden depths that lie within the details of the Word. There is in fact spiritual meaning in these details, for they intend not only the outward and earthly events that we find on the literal level but spiritual and heavenly events as well. This holds true not just for the meaning of phrases but even for each word. This passage almost seems to apply to Poes tale as well, and so in traditional text we have mirrors of meaning. Rodericks belief in the consciousness or sentience (1st coined in this story) of his house and the influence of the masonry, most specifically the collocation of the stonesor their particular arrangement, seems to suggest a tendency to find hidden meanings not unlike Swedenborg. The House of Usher certainly exhibits the layered meanings that Swedenborg sees in the Scriptures. In his mystified mental misery, it may be that Roderick overlooked or dismissed Swedenborgs insight in entry 311 where he reminds us that heaven and hell come from the human race a concept that might have encouraged Usher to clean up his own haunted palace to end the personal hell he had endured for so long. It is such detail that suggests virtual reality as a potentially powerful tool for motivating students to dig more deeply into the details of the text and reflect upon their narrative function. Why does Poe bother to list these specific titles? The image of Swedenborg on one of the walls of the Usher library can be scripted to provide clues for student research prompting them to ask: how can Swedenborgs Heaven and Hell can help us understand the intricacies of Rodericks madness?  And this is but one of the books named by the narrator of Poes story, each of which provides its own web of connections and opportunities for research. In Fall of the House of Usher the line of exploration can run from Poe to Swedenborg to William Blake whose astonishing hybrids of poetry and image composed via etching and engraving, continue to provide fertile intellectual and aesthetic delight even in the digital age. The William Blake Archive is one of the first collaborative hypermedia texts to receive academic acclaim and its design provides unprecedented access to the vast collection of Blakes genius scattered across the globe. Here students can follow the thread from Swedenborg to Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell which includes images and text critical of Swedenborgs views. When the 19th Century meets the 21st Century in the dark digital hallways of our virtual House of Usher, the possibilities begin to unfold for the bold who playfully pioneer.

Confucian Tenets Establish The Structure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 899 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Confucianism Essay Did you like this example? Within the realm of Eastern ethical philosophy, the various schools that emerged later from the overarching traditions sought to answer the question who I ought to be? through expanding upon the ancient texts and key figures. In this paper, we seek to examine the question stated above through the lenses of Confucianism and Hinduism, notably the philosophical school of Vedanta. These two ancient powerhouses of intellectual thoughts diverge into extensive branches, but in this paper, we restrict our bounds to the core principles and branches that are prominent within their respective origin. Confucian tenets establish the structure of a virtuous self through the hierarchy of thoughts, feelings, and actions all guided by the extent of knowledge. The answer to the question posed above centralizes around the ultimate purpose of self-realization that delineates the essential concept of self-cultivation. A person with the highest of virtue, or a superior person (Junzi), exhibits the noble traits in all facets of life such that through the constant reflection of oneself, one attains sources of knowledge to cultivate the triad of propriety, virtue, and righteousness. From the classic words of Confucius, the self evolves through appropriating societal rituals, thus, is self-formed. The sense of self-cultivation through propriety (li) tends to the prescribed moral conducts that safeguard the structured hierarchical relationships to yield the highest goods for the society. In order to refine ones propriety, a constant re-evaluation and conquering of ones impulses should reverberat e societys notion of proper conduct. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Confucian Tenets Establish The Structure" essay for you Create order This manifestation of a subdued self nurtures external forces that ground moral laws on social wellbeing. In that aspect, the Confucian structure of ethics that emphasizes propriety as an active guiding principle can be regarded as a part of deontological ethics. Therefore, self-cultivation in Confucianism relies heavily on the awareness of the relation of oneself to others that underlines the representation of identity. The vastness and depth of Hinduism certainly makes the answer to our question who I ought to be? less straightforward due to its nature of being a pluralistic theory. Thus, to restrict such extensiveness, we mainly concern ourselves with the classical school of Vedanta, notably the Advaita Vedanta. In the quest of self-realization, Advaita Vedanta upholds the nonduality between an individual soul (atman) and Brahman, the highest level for the achievement of self-consciousness. Therefore, the phrase atman is Brahman predisposes a notion for one to be inward looking and practice asceticism so that self-knowledge and unification with Brahman are attained. The concept of self reflects the monism that lies within Brahman which distinguish atman from the inherent misconception of personal identity that pervades humanity through ignorance and illusion (maya). The ultimate goal of self-realization in attaining atman, even though its nature remains incomprehensible and beyond words, advocates the surrendering of ones individual self to the absolute Brahman. The deconstruction of this disillusioned perception of self focuses on the process of self-inquiry through the practice of Jnana Yoga and Karma Yoga to reach the unchanging manifestation of atman and the unification with Brahman. The Confucians structure of ethics, centers around the hierarchical system of human relationships that establishes moral obligations through conducts, champions the notion of Junzi as a master of self-cultivation. In contrast to the focus on the anthropogenic regulations of a self in Confucianism, Advaita Vedanta grounds its fundamental belief in the non-dualistic nature between the true self and the all-encompassing reality, Brahman. The reliance on moral conducts to subdue oneself reflects the ideal Confucian structured society that yields the highest wellbeing and establishes harmony. While the doctrines of Advaita Vedanta emphasizes the harmonious union with the true self through the deconstruction of maya-like consciousness, the obligation towards societal norms is deemed as insignificant in the attainment of liberation. Though presenting different fundamental teleological arguments, the process of inward looking and self-examination pose as common constructions in achieving the highest goal within Confucianism and the school of Advaita Vedanta. The practice of inward looking for these two systems, however, differs in the mechanisms. A superior man, according to Confucius, by reflecting upon the right virtues, subdues his impulses and contributes towards a harmonious society through acquiring knowledge, that in turn, leads to the right thoughts, feelings, and actions. The state of transcending through the distinctions, put forth by the illusive appearances of Brahman in the Advaita teaching, reaches the state of consciousness in the true self that is truly beyond words. Thus, the source in which one should look inward for the highest self diverges significantly between Confucianism and Advaita Vedanta, one involves the integration into a structured society, and the other seeks a higher state that transcends the imperial world. The complexity of the pluralistic nature in Hinduism relies less on the interpretation of the goodness of oneself, but instead suggests the mystical notion of a self with a system of higher truth or being. In the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, this higher self lies in the attainment of atman which unifies with the all-embracing Brahman. For Confucianism, the emphasis of being a superior man lies on the structure of virtue exhibited in self and others. Among these two schools of philosophy, the narrow perception of personal identity arises as a consequence of attaining a higher state of self. The rigid social structure that champions propriety in Confucianism and the surrendering of a personal identity to Brahman in Advaita Vedanta yield little for the conceptions of individuality and personal needs.

Essay about The Hidden Benefits of Advertising - 858 Words

The United States annually spends over 300 billion dollars in advertising. The money is spent by business firms to promote their products and services and by political and nonpolitical groups to raise awareness on different issues. If over 300 billion dollars is spent annually on advertising, then people must be strongly affected by ads, otherwise, groups would not spend such a large sum on advertisements. Then, the question at hand is how are people affected by advertising? Vitriolic detractors of ads assert that advertisements are a malignant tumor of modern-society, whereas proponents of advertising counter that promotions are the backbone of society. While it is true that advertisements can have some negative consequences, critics†¦show more content†¦Then monopolies would be created in the industries, and the situation would be bleak for consumers. On the other hand, advertising’s ability to disperse information is a double-edged sword. Advertising can â€Å"rei nforce racial, cultural, and sexual stereotypes† (Day), but â€Å"advertising is†¦ [also] teaching† (Culpa). While it is true that advertisements can endorse products and behaviors that are harmful, as many counter-ads condone the actions of the aforementioned ads (the cigarette industry is a prime example of a balance between positive and negative ads). Along with the counter-ads, there are also ads encouraging positive ideas, such as blood donations. The American Red Cross for example, has an advertisement to persuade people to donate blood, which is a constructive idea since â€Å"when we give blood, we help save lives† (Red Cross). The Red Cross is not the only company that has beneficial ads; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Habitat for Humanity, and Goodwill are other companies that also have positive ads. When the number of counter-ads and positive ads are combined, they greatly outnumber the negative ads, which means that advertise ments in general promote the welfare of people. Advertising also has benefits other than its uncanny ability to spread information. In fact, due to advertisement’s abilities to diffuse through society,Show MoreRelatedHow Advertising Is Important For A Harmonious Society Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesOn account of the importance of advertising, it is critical to realize that advertising plays a more and more indispensable role in the communication between corporations and consumers in day-to-day life. First, advertising has essential impacts in stakeholders life, in particular for consumers. Advertising, which can be informative and persuasive, is helpful for customers to learn about products to find the best products for themselves, give them courage and faith to try new products, and spendRead MoreDeception in Advertising to the Society865 Words   |  3 Pagesmany forms that may include propaganda, dissimulation, distraction, concealment, camouflage and even self-decepti on (Carson, 2010). Advertising and Deception The most common form of deception is the use of misleading or false statements in commercial transactions. This is referred to as deceptive or false advertising. False advertising is any promotion or advertising, which misrepresents the characteristics, nature, geographic origin or quality of services, goods or commercial activities (Helmer,Read MoreRegulatory Changes in Direct-To-Consumer Marketing of Pharmaceuticals1399 Words   |  6 PagesDirect-to-consumer (DTC) marketing of pharmaceuticals has grown increasingly in the past decade. The American public views prescription drug advertising for a wide range of medical conditions, including high cholesterol, depression, allergies, and erectile dysfunction. The Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the content of these advertisements. Critics also have taken the position that the advertisements garner unearned trust from the public, are misleading, and promote unnecessaryRead MoreAdvertising And Marketing Plan For A San Diego Advertising Agency1511 Words   |  7 Pagestheir business goal, using a variety of techniques to accomplish this. When a business turns to a San Diego advertising agency, they need to ensure the advertising services are incorporated into a larger marketing plan, one that draws attention from the target audience. One mistake many business owners make is they confuse marketing and advertising, yet these are two distinct things. Advertising serves as a small part of a comprehensive marketing plan, one that also incorporates things such as pay-per-clickRead MoreEffects Of Advertising On Personal Privacy And Security1572 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Advertising on Personal Privacy and Security: Persuasive Essay As the world wide web continues to become more prevalent in everyday tasks and the internet continues to evolve, so does the world of advertising. Everyone encounters some form of advertising daily, with the most common being internet advertising. According to Patricia Garner, â€Å"internet advertising is by far the fastest-growing medium.† She continues by stating â€Å"improved advertising formats make Internet display more interactiveRead MoreVirgin Mobile Case Analysis1260 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the industry. The cell phone industry has many sources of customer dissatisfaction. For instance, customers’ distrust in pricing plans due to confusing usage rates; companies’ inconvenient and inconsistent off-peak hours; service provider’s hidden fees that include taxes and higher rates after minutes are used up, universal service charges, and one-time costs; and binding contracts by the service providers that require good credit history. Major carrie rs are not addressing these needs becauseRead MoreVirgin Mobile s Strategic Strategy Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthat could not possibly be your Virgin Mobile phone ringing. Virgin Mobile has decided to enter the U.S. market, but in that decision lies numerous challenges that must be considered. The cellphone industry has been plagued with high fixed costs, and hidden fees. Despite market oversaturation, the market has failed to penetrate the age group of 15-29. However, Virgin Mobile has the strength of their infrastructure and previous experience to make a reach for the U.S. market share. Although there existRead MoreBusiness Strategy : Phillips Morris And R.j Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesPrisoner’s Dilemma represents a level of decision uncertainty between two persons or entities to benefit or not from an outcome. After assessing the dilemma, the Dominant Strategy comes to play. Each player has a different purpose in their strategy. With the same level of uncertainty, the Dominant Strategy determines what strategy is best regardless what the other player strategy is. A strategy that always benefits no matters what the competition does. Let’s say, the situation has been assessed and theRead MoreKid Kustomers- Advertising845 Words   |  4 PagesThe original definition of the word â€Å"advertising† does not look that bad. It is simply explained as â€Å"calling the attention of the public to a product or business.† However, the advertising companies usually abuse the real meaning of advertising and try to sell their product no matter what it takes to do so. It is very hard not to notice advertisement in today’s world. The commercials, the adds, the posters are everywhere; from TV, newspapers magazines and billboards to even a bus that is taking usRead MoreThe Good and Bad Side of Advertising1657 Words   |  7 Pages Compare and Contrast the ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ side of Advertising PLAN TITLE: Compare and contrast the ‘good’ side and ‘bad’ side of advertising. PATTERN: Block Format INTRODUCTION CONTEXT: Communal Issue SUBJECT: Advertisements LIMITED SUBJECT: ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side ISSUE: compare, contrast THESIS: It states the similarities and differences but in emphasis on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side of advertising. Similarities- â€Å"Good† side of Advertising Paragraph 1: Creates deep impression. Example: Hyundai Commercials

Managing children on watching television Free Essays

Managing children on watching television The definition for television is a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, primarily used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education. The history of television comprises the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The first practical demonstrations of television, however, were developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit, and reproduce an image. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing children on watching television or any similar topic only for you Order Now As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to ll-electronic systems in nearly all applications. Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. In 2009 78 percent of the world’s households owned at least one television set, an increase of 5% over 2003. Television can be used in many ways, such as entertainment, information, and education. Television can be bad but it can be good if we know how to manage with it. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states that television viewing can be a powerful influence in eveloping value systems and shaping behavior. Most of us are aware that Sesame Street teaches children who are ready for it, letters and numbers. Research on children’s behavior, school performance, weight, sleeping habits, and brain development back up the assertion that TV is harming our children. Violent behavior, research has shown that the more hours children spend watching TV, the more likely they are to display aggressive impulses and hostile feelings. This effect has been found to apply whether the televised behavior is performed by a human or by a cartoon character. And aggressive impulses have been found to occur with girls s well as boys and with teenagers and adults as well as children. There are also other behavior that almost likely to occur when we let our children watch television such as, kids who watch more TV start smoking at an earlier age, exposure to alcohol use on TV and in music videos (such as on MTV). As a parents what can we do to teach our children to view television as a treat or special entertainment. Many of the following suggestions come from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first one is observe, how do our children act after watching television? Do the certain behavior increase or decrease? After observing you can decide whether to eliminate certain program or not, short term effects are easier to observe but, long term effects are far more difficult. Listen to our child also can help them to share what are they thinking about the show and let them share their feeling about, by listening we also can ask question and help them to think about what theyVe seen, process it, and clarify values. Monitor the shows children and adolescents are viewing, most programs should be informational, educational, and nonviolent. Choose shows that engage through challenging and interesting content, rather than flashy graphics and oise. Make sure programs are age and developmentally appropriate. Provide alternatives, when your child says I’m bored, does it become your problem? Or is it an incentive for your child to be creative? Are the raw materials for creativity available? hobbies, and creative play. There are lots of ways to manage children on watching TV shows. We Just need to learn and do research about how to manage rather than shut the TV and ask your children to study. There is a way to do it. Lastly, manage your children on watching TV well is the key to control their behavior. How to cite Managing children on watching television, Papers

Noun and Ans Essay Example

Noun and Ans Essay GRAMMAR Topics: †¢ A or an †¢ Sentences using Yes, it is/No, it isn’t †¢ Sentences using Yes, they are/No, they aren’t †¢ Singular Plural †¢ Punctuation †¢ My Favorite Fruit (Essay) †¢ This is, There is/These are, There are †¢ My Mom (Essay) †¢ Noun †¢ Proper Nouns †¢ Verb †¢ Sentences using can/can’t †¢ My Pet (Essay) †¢ Words/Opposites †¢ Masculine/Feminine †¢ Comprehension Unit 0: Topic 1: A or an Definition: Exercise: (in copy) Q1: Fill in the blanks with a or an? 1. It’s a mat. 2. This is an umbrella. 3. It’s a book. 4. It’s an orange. 5. This is a fish. 6. It’s a tree. 7. It’s a cup. . This is an egg. 9. This is a pencil. 10. It’s an insect. Topic 2: Introducing â€Å"Myself† 1. My name is _____________. 2. I am ___________ years old. 3. I like to _________________. 4. I live with my _____________. 5. There are __________ people i n my family. 6. I live in _________. Topic 3: Sentences using â€Å"Yes, it is/No, it isn’t† 1. Is it a mat? *. Yes, it is. 2. Is it an orange? * No, it isn’t. 3. Is it an apple? * Yes, it is. 4. Is it a rat? *. No, it isn’t. 5. Is it an egg? * Yes, it is. 6. Is it a cat? *. No, it isn’t. †Topic 4: â€Å"Singular / Plural† Definition: Singular |Plural | | | | |Cat |Cats | |Hat |Hats | |Pencil |Pencils | |Book |Books | |Door |Doors | |Egg |Eggs | |Banana |Bananas | |Rat |Rats | |Tree |Trees | |Biscuit |Biscuits | Topic 5: â€Å"Punctuation† Definition: Example: 1. Monkeys live in the trees. 2. I am a boy. 3. Dog is an animal. Exercise (in copy) Q1: Use capital letters and full stop. 1. there are two apples *. There are two apples. 2. sky is blue *. Sky is blue. 3. honey is sweet *. Honey is sweet. 4. ali has a pencil *. Ali has a pencil. 5. he was born in karachi *. He was born in Karachi. Work Sheet Punctuation Marks R ewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables __________________________________________________________________________ 2. this kite belongs to ali _________________________________________________________________________ 3. i like to paint and read books __________________________________________________________________________ 4. he is eating __________________________________________________________________________ 5. rana has a new bicycle __________________________________________________________________________ 6. i will go to school tomorrow __________________________________________________________________________ Work Sheet Punctuation Marks Rewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables I like to eat vegetables. 2. this kite belongs to ali This kite belongs to Ali. 3. like to paint and read books I like to paint and read books. 4. he is eating He is eating. 5. rana has a new bicycle Rana has a n ew bicycle. 6. i will go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow. Topic 6: â€Å"MY FAVORITE FRUIT† (ESSAY) 1. My favorite fruit is apple. 2. It is red in colour. 3. It has many seeds. 4. Its taste is sweet. 5. I like it very much. â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts. One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Where did she live? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q5: How did Cindy punish them? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Key Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts. One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: Cindy was a little fairy. Q2: Where did she live? Ans: She lived in a little house in the forest. We will write a custom essay sample on Noun and Ans specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noun and Ans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noun and Ans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: There were four squirrels. Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: They left the nutshells all over the house. Q5: How did Cindy punish them? Ans: She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. Topic 7: â€Å"This is, There is† â€Å"These are, There are† Definition: â€Å"Sentences on â€Å"This is† 1. This is a book. 2. This is a clock. 3. This is a pencil. 4. This is an orange. 5. This is an egg. Sentences on â€Å"There is† 1. There is a glass. 2. There is an umbrella. 3. There is an aeroplane. 4. There is a ruler. 5. There is a leaf. Sentences â€Å"These are† 1. These are apple. 2. These are cats. 3. These are buttons. 4. These are doors. 5. These are pins. Sentences on â€Å"There are† 1. There are two cups. 2. There are three balls. 3. There are some kites. 4. There are four fishes. 5. There are five tins. Topic 8: â€Å"MY MOM†(Essay) 1. My Mom’s name is ________________________. 2. She is ________ year old. 3. She is very beautiful. 4. She cooks food very tasty. 5. She takes care of me. 6. I love my mom very much. Topic 9: â€Å"Noun† Definition: Example: Sara, Table, Cat, Karachi. Q1: Underline the mouse? 1. I have a pencil. 2. Sara is reading a book. 3. The hen has a pen. 4. Fish lives in water. 5. He went to Islamabad. 6. Ali and Tom are friends. 7. This jug is big. 8. I like to eat pizza. Note: Pencil, Sara, book, hen, pen, fish, Islamabad, Ali Tom, jug, pizza are nouns) * Topic 10: â€Å"PROPER NOUNS† Definition: Example: 1. Tom and Jerry. 2. Monday. 3. July 4. Summer. 5. Lahore. â€Å"Exercise† Q1: Circle the Proper nouns? School, bag,Lahore, cake, Monday, van, pen, Don ald Duck, ruler, Winter, shoes, March, book, America, bell, cup, Edison. Note: (Lahore, Monday, Donald Duck, Winter, March, America, Edison are proper nouns) Topic 11: â€Å"VERB† Definition: Example: 1. Eating. 2. Drinking. 3. Sleeping. 4. Reading. 5. Playing. Q1: Underline the verbs? 1. She is eating a cake. 2. They are going in a garden. 3. We are reading books. 4. You are laughing. 5. He is playing football. 6. Ali is crying. Note: eating, going, reading, laughing, playing, crying, are Verb) Topic 12: â€Å"SENTENCES USING CAN/CAN’T† Definition: Example: 1. I can sleep. 2. I can play. 3. I can’t swim. 1. Can a cat run? *. Yes, it can. 2. Can a bee swim? *. No, it can’t. 3. Can you play football? *. Yes, I can. 4. Can you jump? *. Yes, I can. 5. Can you cook food? *. No, I can’t. Topic 13 : |Animals |Sounds | |Cat. |mew. | |Dog |bark. | |Hen |cluck. |Cow |moo. | |Goat |bleat | |Duck |quack. | |Wolf |howl. | |Horse |neigh. | |Donkey | bray. | |Snake |hiss. | Topic 14: Words / Opposites |Words Opposite | |On |Off | |In |Out | |Up |Down | |Come |Go | |Black |White | |Sit |Stand | |Dry |Wet | |Old |New | |Hard |Soft | |Near |Far | Topic 15: Masculine / Feminine Masculine |Feminine | |He |She | |Boy |Girl | |Father |Mother | |Brother |Sister |Son |Daughter | |Man |Woman | |King |Queen | |Bull |Cow | |Sir |Madam | |Horse |Mare | Topic 16: COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper. The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q2: W ho were the two friends? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q3: What kind of an insect was the ant? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q4: Where did the ant bring back its food? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† KEY Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper. The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: Two friends lived in the jungle. Q2: Who were the two friends? Ans: They were the ant and the grasshopper. Q3: What kind of an insect was the ant? Ans: The ant was hard working. Q4: Where did the ant bring back its food? Ans: The ant brought back its food to its nest. Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: The grasshopper was a lazy insect. Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: It loved to sing all long. â€Å"A† is used before consonant. â€Å"An† is used before vowels. Vowels a, e, i , o u Singular means one thing. Plural means more than one thing. Every sentences should begin with a capital latter and end with a full stop. â€Å"This is and there is, are used with one thing†. There are and these are used with two or more things. Word that name things are called â€Å"Nouns†. Names of people, days, months, cities and seasons are a special kind of noun. They are called â€Å"Proper noun†. Doing words are called â€Å"Verbs†. We use â€Å"can† to talk about things that people are able to do.

Conservatism essays

Conservatism essays Conservatism evokes strong feelings of patriotism, since support for the established institutions are greatly promoted and each person serves his/her country with consistency and loyalty. This patriotism leads to an increased trust to in the military forces in cases of external threat, rather than in diplomacy. The liberal, now, view of human nature is highly egalitarian and can be strongly contrasted with that of the conservative, since it suggests an elevated perspective of human beings and diminishes the importance of the social unit. Human rights and liberties constitute a political necessity. Political systems must contribute to individual happiness and their role must be restricted. In a liberal society, the individual is a rational being and, according to classical economists, rationality is expressed in a materialistic way. That is the rational allocation of energy in an effort to maximize profit. This is the economic man in a liberal society. The political man is the one who makes critical choices when participating in democratic procedures. Liberalism has many times been identified with democracy and the ideal government should be pluralistic and not paternalistic. The essential principle of liberalism is individual freedom, which must be expanded and served in all levels of life, political and economic. ...

10 Quotes for Unique and Beautiful Wedding Vows

10 Quotes for Unique and Beautiful Wedding Vows A wedding may only be a ceremony, if you look at it from a logical standpoint. However, a  marriage vow is a pledge- a verbal promise- to uphold all that is considered sacrosanct in a marital relationship. The exchange of vows, though just a collection of words, has a greater significance when the bride and the groom say the words with full intent and in good faith. Traditional vs. Personal Vows Traditional vows are all-encompassing. Traditional vows, as per Catholic marriage customs, involve a pledge to take ones partner, for my lawful wife/husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and health, until death do us part. While it is unlikely that these traditional vows will go out of use, there is an increasing trend among people who prefer to make their own vows. When you write your own vows, you have the creative liberty to include some of your personal details, a dash of humor, a touching anecdote, or a special promise that makes you own the vows. Writing your own vow is no cakewalk- many brides and grooms find it difficult to pen a few lines that would bind them for eternity. Tips for Writing Vows If you are writing your own vows, here are a few things to keep in mind to make your marriage vows beautiful: Keep it Simple: Flowery words will have no meaning if you dont mean what you say. When you keep it simple, you allow your partner to assimilate the depth of your words.Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say:  It goes without saying that your marriage vows are a declaration of your love and commitment. If you are honest and sincere in your vows, you will find your married life easy to deal with.Include Details: Make sure to include specific details that make it unique to your marriage. While it is not a good idea to make a long verbose speech (remember, it is not an award acceptance ceremony), let your marriage vows reflect your personal beliefs, your dreams, and those of your spouse.Include Humor, Avoid Comedy: Humor should just be a mild seasoning to pepper your vow. Let it not override the intensity or seriousness of your solemn vow. The focus of your vow should be your love and your sincere commitment.Avoid a Public Spectacle: Though you will be saying your vows in the presence of your near and dear ones, you dont have to write your vows to please the audience. It is your marriage, and only you should decide what goes into your vows. Dont attempt to make it entertaining or interesting for your audience. They are simply here to witness and bless your marriage. Keep your vows genuine, straightforward, and personal.  Ã‚   Meaningful Quotes If you find yourself struggling for the right words, you can use some of these quotes to help you create a great wedding vow. These quotes will add a touch of color  to your vows. I have spread my dreams under your feet; Tread softly because you tread on my dreams. –  William Butler Yeats,  He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven Grow old with me! The best is yet to be.   –  Robert Browning I love you, not for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Roy Croft I am like a falling star who has finally found her place next to another in a lovely constellation, where we will sparkle in the heavens forever.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Amy Tan I love thee, I love but theeWith a love that shall not dieTill the sun grows coldAnd the stars grow old...–  Bayard Taylor You call it madness, but I call it love.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Don Byas If I know what love is, it is because of you.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Herman Hesse We are the leaves of one branch, the drops of one sea, the flowers of one garden. –  Jean Baptiste Henry Lacordaire This is my beloved and this is my friend.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Song of Solomon Youre nothing short of my everything.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ralph Block

Social media as a Method to Drive Acquisition of Customers Assignment

Social media as a Method to Drive Acquisition of Customers - Assignment Example The researcher states that the social media is known as an important means of creating brand awareness and customer acquisition. However, the major question is how companies are supposed to convert users of various social media sites into actual customers. Furthermore, different brands face varying challenges concerning customer acquisition. This owing to the fact that different companies have varying market positions, objectives, target audiences and acquisition techniques. Companies are advised to come up with strategies that are appropriate for their brands. This essay critically assesses social media as a method to drive acquisitions of customers and marketing campaigns for two campaigns. Social media marketing is used to drive customer acquisitions through brand recognition. This is known as one of the most effective tools for using social media as a branding tool. This is because, with social media marketing, companies can decide the kind of information their customers are expo sed to and decide on how they want the company’s position to be. Companies can build brand name using the great content and consistent effort around the company values and benefits. Well- established companies including Wal-Mart, Starbucks, and The Weather Channel Shows Off have developed more attractive advertising initiatives on social media sites including YouTube, Instagram and Vine respectively to develop their brand names in the online market leading to an increase in the number of users. The companies have successfully used social media marketing to reach their customers and make sales. Other small companies are advised to follow suit as the social media has proven to be an effective tool to build a company’s brand name.

Analysis the China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited Essay

Analysis the China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited - Essay Example The investor will get appropriate information on whether to invest on the company or not (Finance.yahoo.com). The Company has maintained a good gross profit margin over the five-year period. It had 38.57% in 2010, 39.67% in 2011, 38.98% in 2012, 37.85% in 2013, and 40.35%. The constant figure of gross profit margin, which the company maintained on the earlier periods, indicates that the prices were of their products and services, and purchases matched in increase and decrease (Barrow and Barrow, 2008). The fall in 2013 shows that there was a fall in prices but this was compensated by the sudden increase of the ratio in 2014 showing that the company is making profits from its sales. The Company’s operating profit margin was 4.78% in 2010, 4.88% in 2011, 5% in 2012, 1.73% in 2013, and 6.45% in 2014. This margin increased steadily over the five-year period with the exception of the sudden fall in 2013. The fall in operations was a result of operational difficulties, which the company experienced. The company had to incur extra costs to bring the situation back to normal (Berman, Knight and Case, 2006). The larger increase in the margin in 2014 shows the managements effort in correcting the problem experienced in 2013. The increase of the ratio over the five years indicates the management’s efficiency in generating profits from the operations of the company. China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited’s net profit margin was 3.29% in 2010, 3.42% in 2011, 3.36% in 2012, 2.35% in 2013, and 0.38% in 2014. The company maintained a fair margin the earlier three years of the five-year period. The performance during those years was desirable as it indicated that the management’s efficiency in generating sufficient net profit from the sales of the company (Berman, Knight and Case, 2013). The fall of the margin in 2013 and 2014 put the managements’ efficiency into

William Goldings Lord Of the Flies :: Golding Lord Flies

William Golding's Lord Of the Flies Theme: Most people perceive children as being innocent, precious beings. Some believe that they are angelic. Put in the wrong situations though, they can become savage beasts. The innocence leaves their bodies and they are no longer precious. The survival of the fittest instinct kicks on and they can become killers. In the book Lord of the Flies the theme is that kids are not as innocent s they seem. At the beginning of the book the boys seem to have peace and order. They help one another out. They elect Ralph as their leader. They follow his orders when they need to work together. The conch shell is used to bring order within the group of boys. Soon these practices die out and the kids start to change. Jack and his group of hunters, began to get a thrill from killing pigs. Jack and the hunters also lose all respect for Ralph and the conch. They start their own tribe, who soul purpose is to hunt and have rituals. The killings of the pigs start to bore them so they began to find other things to kill. The hunters start forcing people to join the tribe through threats. Then the threats lead to the killings of two boys. The hunters first kill Simon , whom they think is a beast. Then they kill Piggy by rolling a stone on top of him. With the two killing under their belt they soon began to go after Ralph. They chase him all over the island but soon he is rescued. The naval officer witnesses how the children had turned from well-behaved boys to savage beast. Though children are not as innocent as they seem they still hold a close place in their parents heart. They are also human just like everyone else. They know the difference between black and white and right and wrong. The survival of the fittest instinct is something that every creature on this planet has. The weak one always loose. The book showed this well. Important Passages: "Ralph sat on a fallen trunk, his left side to the sun. On his right were most of the choir; on his left the larger boys who had not known each other before...before him small children squatted in the grass.

Quiz 1

Question 1 5 out of 5 points | | | Entrepreneurs are commonly characterized as:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   risk takers and decision makers. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   risk takers and decision makers. | | | | | * Question 2 5 out of 5 points | | | The hard sell or aggressive persuasion designed to separate consumers from their cash emerged during the _____Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   production era| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   production era| | | | | * Question 3 5 out of 5 points | | To be successful entrepreneurs must be comfortable risking their money and _____ to start and manage a business. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   time| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   time| | | | | * Question 4 5 out of 5 points | | | In 1995, a renegotiation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) took bold steps to lower tariffs and to reduce trade restrictions. A tariff is a:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   tax on imports. | Correct Answer:| à ‚  Ã‚   tax on imports. | | | | | *Question 5 5 out of 5 points | | The four major categories of factors of production are:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   natural resources, capital, human resources, and entrepreneurship. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   natural resources, capital, human resources, and entrepreneurship. | | | | | * Question 6 5 out of 5 points | | | In the relationship era, firms began to recognize that cultivating current customers is more profitable than constantly _____Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   seeking new customers. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   seeking new customers. | | | | * Question 7 5 out of 5 points | | | During the marketing era consumers found:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   more choices for goods and services. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   more choices for goods and services. | | | | | *Question 8 5 out of 5 points | | | As a factor of production, capital would include:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   machine s, tools, buildings, and technology. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   machines, tools, buildings, and technology. | | | | | * Question 9 5 out of 5 points | | Human resources include theAnswer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   physical, intellectual, and creative contributions of individuals working within an economy. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   physical, intellectual, and creative contributions of individuals working within an economy. | | | | | * Question 10 5 out of 5 points | | | _____ refers to the quality and quantity of products and goods available to a population at a given time. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   Standard of living| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   Standard of living| | | | | quiz 1

The Houston Equal Rights Ordinance - 1371 Words

In order to be on the same page as other major cities across the United States, motions were made over a year ago in Houston to pass an equal rights, anti-discrimination ordinance known as the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO). At last a decision was made, and on November 3rd, 2015, HERO was struck down by 61 percent of the voters by referendum (Fernandez). The premise of the anti-discrimination ordinance is similar to those of other cities across the nation; to prevent discrimination on the bases of 15 different classes including race, age, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Houston’s mayor Annise Parker, who identifies as gay herself, was a strong supporter of the proposition for equal rights, and as all supporters in the Houston area agreed, it would put Houston on the map of inclusive and tolerant cities (Fernandez). On the other side of the argument is the conservative population of Houston. With the majority of political opinion in the Houston area being that o f highly conservative leaning, HERO proved to be a controversial ordinance for many of these individuals. In an effort to increase support for opposing HERO, conservative politicians in the Houston area therefore took advantage of conservative ideals to promote a counter-position to the anti-discrimination laws (Ura). Two major contributors to the opposing opinion were Republican state leaders Gov. Greg Abbott and Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (Ura). Both individuals heavily supplied the funds and theShow MoreRelatedThe Houston Equal Rights Ordinance1536 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction HERO, the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance, according to the City of Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (2014), covers nondiscrimination against sex, race, color, ethnicity, national origin, age, familial status, marital status, military status, religion, disability, sexual orientation, genetic information, gender identity, and pregnancy. The ordinance lists sections of protection within city services and employment, contracting with the city, public accommodations, private employment, andRead MoreHate Speech Should Be Made Illegal1351 Words   |  6 Pagesthe person or group speaking out of hatred. This type of rhetoric has taken many forms and had many sources over the years. Other examples include public anger towards Muslims after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, much of the debate about the Civil Rights movement in the ‘60s, and even comments by current presidential candidates all can be considered hate speech. As much as this type of hurtful language is instantly and historicall y detested it is still protected by the 1st Amendment to the US ConstitutionRead MoreOverview Of The LGBTQ Community914 Words   |  4 Pagesdisturbance or Gender dysphoria. Although, things have changed for the greater good, much work is yet to be done to increase inclusion and recognition for the LGBTQ community. â€Å" In November 2015, voters in Houston, the fourth most populous city in the United States, rejected an equal rights ordinance that would have protected citizens against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, among other classes (Hoy-Ellis, Ator, Kerr Milford, p. 56, 2016). although some discriminationRead MoreThe Liberties Of The Aclu1639 Words   |  7 Pagesweek of the arrest. Travis’s traumatic interaction with SFPD highlights the civil rights and liberties violations that Black Americans and other people of color face every day at the hands of local law enforcement in California and across the nation. We must demand equal protection in the face of economic inequality. The rights we fight for every day are only meaningful when they are accessible to everyone. Equal protection under the law is not contingent on one’s ability to pay. Yet all over theRead MoreThe Struggle Of The Civil War1492 Words   |  6 Pagesother southern states that supported slavery, had a vested interest in preserving the institution at all costs, which is why they risked their lives over it. Moreover, Texans may argue that the civil war was about states’ rights or defense of the southern â€Å"way of life.† States’ rights, though part of the equation, played a diminished role as a whole in prompting the Civil War. Furthermore, because it revolved mostly around slavery, the southern â€Å"way of life† became an indirect cause of the war. The CivilRead MoreThe Constitution And The United States1483 Words   |  6 Pagesthe power to recall which gives the ability to remove elected members. The power of initiative in which voters can approve measures drafted by a citizen to become law. The power of referendum, which includes the approval of the certain existing ordinance. According to home-rule is the practice of self-government and proper use of power that must be exercised to maintain the operation of local government†, (McDonald, pg. 13). There are ways to reduce and stop the three powers despite the fact thatRead MoreSlavery During The Civil Rights Movement Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Anderson Steven Watson HIST 2111/16 Date How Slavery led to Mass Incarceration and the â€Å"#BlackLivesMatter† Movement When slavery was created because some people felt that blacks were less than human and not worthy of rights that were given to indentured European citizens it started a way of thinking that some still feel today. This way of thinking has been taught to both sides of this ongoing battle even showing up in the Presidential election with the words of Donald Trump on February 22Read MoreGender Presentation : Gender And Gender2100 Words   |  9 Pagesdefined. Today, we observe more subtle forms of this type of treatment. In fact, in 2015, in response to a proposed equal rights ordinance that would include gender identity, the Campaign for Houston group launched an advertisement campaign that used propaganda to link the ordinance to sex offenders gaining access to women’s bathrooms (2015). This campaign was so effective that the ordinance failed to pass, and similar campaigns are starting to crop up in other states. This type of group-serving biasRead More Hate Crimes and The Mit chell v. Wisconsin Decision Essay example5764 Words   |  24 PagesHate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision The American Heritage Dictionary defines hate as intense dislike or animosity. However, defining hate as the basis for a crime is not as easy without possibly jeopardizing constitutional rights in the process. Hate crime laws generally add enhanced punishments to existing statues. A hate crime law seeks to treat a crime, if it can be demonstrated that the offense was a hate crime differently from the way it would be treated under ordinary criminalRead MoreThe Low-Paid and Living Wage Movement: To Get the Labor’s Right1819 Words   |  8 Pagesknow what kinds of situations low-wage people are facing. In a book, Nickel and Dimed, Barbara Ehrenreich reports the low-wage people’s lives that stay in deep poverty. She frankly expressed lives of them who are in place where there are no human rights. Barbara Ehrenreich explains working environments of low-wage people in her book. She stayed in three different states and worked as one of low-wage people, such as waitress, hotel maid, house cleaner, nursing–home aide, and Wal-Mart associate. There

Csr Communication in the Pharma Industry - 35538 Words

CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AN ANALYSIS OF THE WEBSITES OF THREE PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS MASTER THESIS Author: Josà © Javier Levrino (JL82847) Supervisor: Anne Ellerup Nielsen MA in Corporate Communication Ã…rhus, Denmark. August 2010 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © Javier Levrino Table of contents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Delimitation 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Scientific paradigm: hermeneutics Qualitative research approach Theoretical framework Analysis of websites 1.4.4.1 Selection criteria 1.4.4.2 Data collection 1.5 Structure 2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Corporate Communication 2.1.1. Defining Corporate Communication†¦show more content†¦After a theoretical analysis of the pharmaceutical industry, the research includes the development of an analytical framework, which serves as a basis for the examination of the selected websites. This is followed by an analysis based on the CSR section of the websites of three world leader pharmaceutical wholesalers and service providers within the pharmaceutical industry. A qualitative methodology applied to the written content of the websites allows drawing conclusions on the reasons that lead these companies to get involved in CSR. It also provides an int erpretation of how these firms organize their CSR communication, and which CSR communication strategies they use for addressing their stakeholders. Findings: The engagement in CSR of companies developing its activities and business within the pharmaceutical industry respond to the different challenges this industry faces. External stakeholders (NGOs, media, consumer advocacy groups and the public opinion) carefully watch the steps taken by pharmaceuticals. As a consequence, the initiatives and communications must be designed to satisfy the stakeholders ´ needs and expectations. Pharmaceutical wholesalers implement different CSR communication strategies to reach their objectives. Moreover, organizations choose from a variety of channels to communicate with specific stakeholder groups (e.g. surveys,Show MoreRelatedA Brief on the Csr Activities of Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.1729 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Established in 1983, listed since 1994 and headquartered in India, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd is an international, integrated, speciality pharmaceutical company. It manufactures and markets a large basket of pharmaceutical formulations as branded generics as well as generics in India, U.S. and several other markets across the world. In India, the company is a leader in niche therapy areas of psychiatry, neurology, cardiology, diabetology,Read MoreNovartis s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility1671 Words   |  7 Pages Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ben Lawton, Erin Shull Sean Avjian, Zain Ali Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for MGMT 170 Managerial Communication taught by Professor Cheryl Amantea in the Fall Semester Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measure of a business’s impacts on society, both positive and negativeRead MoreImplementation of Porter Dimond Theory in Beximco Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh4332 Words   |  18 PagesBackground of the Report: 2 1.5 Overview of the Porter Diamond Theory: 4 Chapter 2 6 2.2 Firm Structure, Strategy, and Rivalry 6 2.3 Demand condition 8 2.4 Factors of Endowments: (both basic and advance) 10 2.5 Related and supporting industry: 12 2.7 Overall analysis of the company position based on porter’s diamond: 13 Log Frame: 14 Chapter 3 16 Conclusion: 16 3.2 Recommendations 16 3.3 References: 16 Chapter 1 In an attempt to master and perfect the trade system manyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Communication And Ethical Issues2797 Words   |  12 PagesCRITICAL ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE SOUTHERN CROSS HEALTH SYSTEMS ! ! ! ! ! Author: Lareb. Azam. Cheema; Communication Consultant Authorised by: Southern Cross Health Systems’ Board of Directors Date completed: 25 September 2014 !1 ï ¿ ¼! TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. CORPORATE IDENTITY AND CULTURE 5 2.1. CORPORATE IMAGE 5 2.2. CORPORATE CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP STYLES 5 2.3. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 6 2.3.1. BRIBES 6 2.3.2. ROKEACH’S VALUE SYSTEMRead MoreAbdul Monem Ltd6230 Words   |  25 Pageshelped the country by developing the education level, poverty elevation, capacity building and infrastructure development. Development of roads and highways, bridges culverts, flood embankment helped the country in building the infrastructure and communication system while high rise buildings and factories helped people of this country in generating employment. Those in the end contributed a lot in developing the nation. Contribution to GDP: According the World Bank report last year GDP was $62 billionRead MoreDoes CSR Help or Hinder a Company’s Performance?2858 Words   |  12 PagesTask 4: (582 words) Write a literature review for â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social responsibility) help or hinder a company’s performance?† This literature review explores the state of the art in corporate social innovation research. It briefly outlines the main themes in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) debate organizational legitimacy, moral choices, stakeholder interaction, sustainable development radical and user driven innovation. The paper then reviews the major objects of corporateRead MoreGenzyme3375 Words   |  14 PagesGENZYME ´S CSR DILEMMA: HOW TO PLAY ITS HANDS 1. INTRODUCTION Twenty years ago and earlier, with rare exceptions, the only corporate charity was a bit of gifting by the CEO, perhaps to the arts. Ten years ago, corporate philanthropy and volunteerism became popular as an a la carte add on. In these posts from the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), I am turning the spotlight on the avant garde of CSR: companies that make community and global problem-solving part of their business platform, thusRead MoreSupply Chain Practice8994 Words   |  36 Pagesand how practice might change in the future. Design/methodology/approach – Current practice in sustainable SCM and predictions for the future were explored in case studies of seven UK companies, through semi-structured interviews with purchasers and CSR practitioners, and secondary data collection from reports and websites. Sectors included aerospace, retail, pharmaceuticals, and food and drink. Findings – Companies were mapped onto a typology of approaches to sustainable SCM, based on in ternal andRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Ranbaxy Laboratories10038 Words   |  41 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................................5 2. Snapshot of Pharmaceutical Industry at Global and National Level †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........................6 3.7. Research and Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 3.8. Industry’s contribution to developing world’s diseases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................................6 3.9. Global pharmaceutical market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 3.10. India’s pharmaceutical industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 3. Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Read MoreEthical Companies12021 Words   |  49 Pagesreal and sustained ethical leadership within their industries, putting into real business practice the Institute’s credo of â€Å"Good. Smart. Business. Profit.† This year, there are 110 World’s Most Ethical Companies. Of these companies, 36 are new to the list in 2011 and 26 companies dropped off from the 2010 list. These â€Å"drop offs† generally occurred because of litigation and ethics violations, as well as increased competition from within their industry. 2011 WORLD’S MOST ETHICAL COMPANY SELECTION PROCESS:

There Is Currently A Critical Global Shortage Of Nurses

There is currently a critical global shortage of nurses and it is projected to grow logistically in the prospective years. The reasons for the nurse shortage is multifactorial but one of the more prominent reasons is that nurses are at an increased risk for work related stress particularly in specialty areas such as mental health nursing. Psychiatric nurses are frequent victims of burn out and workplace violence because of the nature of patients they serve, the demands of the institution, and the shortage of trained staff. According to Qi et al. (2014), â€Å"Nurses working in mental health hospitals have been found to suffer from higher levels of work-related stress, as they are frequently exposed to violent behavior by mental health patients†¦show more content†¦According to Itzhaki et al. (2015), interventions such as training staff to deal with violence directed at them contributed to the fact that even when nurses are working with mental health patients, it promoted wo rk safety as well as less stress. In addition, routine nursing staff training structured around coping with aggression in mental health facilities are vital for preventing violence, dealing with aggression, establishing trust and rapport with the patient, maintaining the security and the well being of both staff and patients. Lastly, contrary to psychosocial and educational interventions is lack of interventions provided to support the staff to cope with work place violence and job related stress and burnout. Due to the lack of support, nurses tend to experience more burnout and less life satisfaction. According to Itzhaki et al. (2015) â€Å"a possible explanation could be that mental health nurses often believe that patients’ violence towards them is to be expected and is considered part of the job†¦Experiencing abuse could lead to ambiguity; nurses must take care of patients who abuse them. This situation might evoke stress and reduce their life satisfaction.† Therefore, it is essential as a psychiatric mental health nurse to participate in trained programs such as Satori Alternatives to Manage Aggression (SAMA) and psychosocial interventions such as group therapy to learn more about work place violence and methods to reduce the effects of it along with stressShow MoreRelatedThe Demand For Health Care Personnel And The Supply Of Their Services1323 Words   |  6 Pages Asween Marco  Executive Summary There is a critical gap between the demand for health care personnel and the supply of their services. This is an acute issue facing the citizens, governments and policy makers internationally and could have dire consequences if the situation is not dealt with the urgency and importance it demands. There are a myriad of factors causing this shortage in health care personnel. It ranges from migration of trained personnel from developing countries toRead MoreEssay on The Global Nursing Shortage1162 Words   |  5 PagesStead Writ 331 5 May, 2014 The Global Nursing Shortage According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Registered Nursing is listed among the top occupations in terms of job growth through 2022, with the demand increasing at least 19% by the year 2022 (2012). Particularly in the past decade, there is a serious shortage in the number of nurses to fill the vast amount of open positions available. Why is there such a shortage in the nursing profession, and is the nursing shortage real in this type of economyRead MoreNursing Research Utilization Project1349 Words   |  5 Pagesthis field include nurses commitment to their work, their etiquette while working, shortage of nurses, meeting patients expectations, and their dedication to their profession and patients. While there have been numerous attempts to address these issues, the nursing field has proven to be difficult in completely adopting the changes suggested in every stage. The major challenge for this profession that necessitates the need for urgent measures to deal with is shortage o f nurses, which continues toRead MoreStaffing: Nursing and Health Care5068 Words   |  21 Pagescentre for the critical cases but also acts as a medical training for both diploma nurses and clinical officers . Hospital vision A referral centre of excellence offering comprehensive healthcare services Hospital mission To improve the health and welfare of population ion the region by offering affordable ,equitable and accessible health care services through the provision of specialized ,quality health care ,medical training and research. Problem statement Introduction Nurses play a veryRead MoreIdentification Of A Health Policy Issue / Concern3236 Words   |  13 PagesHealth Workforce Shortages Identification of a health policy issue/concern With the implementation of the Patient Affordable Care Act, it is estimated that 32-34 million previously uninsured Americans will have access to health insurance by 2015 (Kovner Knickman, 2011) (Hemphill, 2013). Additionally, those with preexisting conditions (asthma, diabetes, heart disease) will no longer be denied coverage or dropped from policies if they become sick. As a result, insurers will no longer be able toRead MoreThe Epidemic Of South Africa1286 Words   |  6 Pageslight of the recent Ebola outbreak, which has been imported from West Africa to the United States, it had become apparent that any infectious illness that occurs anywhere is not just the issue of the country in which it originated, but is indeed a global issue. This outbreak has also shone a light on the pressing health and health care issues in West Africa that contribute to the spread of illness. A lack of access to care, deficit in trained healthcare professionals, lack of preparedness to handleRead MoreA Resilient And Stable Health Workforce Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagessystem. The World Health Organization (hereafter referred to as WHO) refers to health workers as all individuals involved in enhancing health (WHO 2006). A health workforce is composed of a network of: health service providers, including doctors and nurses or the front line staff, working in collaboration with health management and support personnel such as accountants. (Aluttis 2014). The health worker migration phenomenon, also referred to as brain drain or care drain, has been traced for decadesRead MoreThe Impact of Nursing Shortages: Literature Review1999 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Literature Review The Impact of Nursing Shortages Modern nursing is a rewarding, but challenging, career choice. The modern nurses role is not limited only to assist the doctor in procedures, however. Instead, the contemporary nursing professional takes on a partnership role with both the doctor and patient as advocate caregiver, teacher, researcher, counselor, and case manager. The caregiver role includes those activities that assist the client physically, mentally, and emotionally, while stillRead MorePersonal Statement : Personal Nursing Journey1463 Words   |  6 Pagesof nursing since 2000. Throughout this time, I have seen the profession evolve through technology, practice and theory. With the recent and constant change created by the healthcare reform, today’s nurse must realize that learning is a lifelong process that does not end upon graduation. The nurse is never done learning, especially as technology and medical knowledge are constantly evolving. My most recent endeavor has been the pursuit of my Bachelorâ₠¬â„¢s degree in Nursing at Western Carolina UniversityRead MoreThe Profession Of Nursing Is A Critical Area1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe profession of nursing is a critical area in the health department. Nursing deals with the care of sick individuals, senior citizens or victims of any occurrence like busts. Nursing may as well mean the care of the family, a group or community with the aim of attaining some target goals. Nursing helps to maintain a good quality of health. It makes people healthy and forms part of the treatment of patients by helping the patient to recover from their sick conditions. Nursing as a profession is

Ece Project Free Essays

string(215) " PIN PORT CameraUSB Type Biometric scanner Optical Processing unitPIC ControllerPIC16F877A Data TransmissionDual Driver/ReceiverMAX 232 RFID Zigbee TransceiverX-BEE GSM Modem- SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Visual basics 6\." SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by ANISH ANTONY (080107117005) JISU JOHN ISAC (080107117039) KRISHNA PRABHA R(080107117055) KUNAL BHARDWAJ (080107117056) In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEKHNOLOGY, KANIYUR, COIMBATORE-641659. ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE 641 047 APRIL 2012 ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-641047 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report â€Å"SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID† is the bonafide work of â€Å"ANISH ANTONY, JISU JOHN ISAC, KRISHNA PRABHA R, KUNAL BHARDWAJ† who carried out the project work under my supervision. SIGNATURESIGNATURE Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now MARIA ANTONY M. E Mrs. K. MUTHULAKSHMI. M. E. (PhD) SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Communication Engineering, Park College of Engineering Park College of Engineering and Technology, and Technology, Coimbatore – 641659. Coimbatore – 641659. INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OBJECTIVE 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3. 1 Existing System 3. Proposed System 4. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 4. 1Hardware requirements 4. 2 Software requirements 5. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5. 1 Software description 5. 2 Hardware description 6. BLOCK DIAGRAM 6. 1 block diagram description 7. MERITS 8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES ABSTRACT RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the quintessential pervasive computing technology. The heart of the utility is that RFID makes gathering information about physical objects easy. Information about RFID tagged objects can be read through physical barriers, and from a distance. Our project utilized these RFID tags to improve the security system of a building by introducing a system that could read the RFID tagged smart cards that are placed in proximity to an antenna. Our project comes with option of finger print system, GSM system and camera system attached with the main RFID system. This help in making the security full proof and reduce the possibility of breaches. RFID devices have three primary elements: a chip, an antenna, and a reader. A fourth important part of any RFID system is the database where information about tagged smart card is stored. For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. The modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices with efficient security measures. This project is implemented in real time system. INTRODUCTION The major problem faced by organizations in security breach is related with doors without proper security system on them for their protection. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. For wireless data transmission between tag and sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag. RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag (contains antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radiofrequency queries from an RFID transceiver). The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor. We try to enhance the security up to a very effective level so that there are minimum possibilities in the security breach. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. The system also creates a log containing check-in and check-out of each user along with basic information of user. OBJECTIVE The aim of the project is to design a system that have a small coverage area and can be use for authentication or identification purposes. â€Å"Security System Using RFID† is a system that uses RFID technology to maintain the security of the different rooms in same structure which can be monitored on real-time bases using the Database server (PC). This system prevents unauthorized entry in rooms. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. This ensures the reliability of the system and makes it difficult to breach. SYSTEM ANALYSIS EXISTING SYSTEM In the existing system, Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that â€Å"wakes up† the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action. The drawback in this system is the lack of security option available for the user. One can easily use others RFID tag to gain access in the desired place without their prior knowledge. This breach cannot be easily accounted as there is no record other then the RFID tag used which can mislead to undesirable situation. PROPOSED SYSTEM This system is of new kind in which finger print recognition system along with GSM and camera is newly added. In this system RFID along with ZigBee, microcontroller, biometric system, GSM, amplifier circuit, power supply, camera and database server (PC) is used. Different circuits work together to form an unreachable system so that the security can be enhanced to the maximum level possible. When RFID tag is sensed by the RFID receiver and finger print impression is given, the camera is activated which clicks the image of the user trying to access the system. This information is stored in the database along with time and date when the system was accessed and the GSM technology used in the system make sure that the concerned authority is notified about the activation of the system along with result. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS MODULESCOMPONENTNAME OF THE IC Power supplyVoltage RegulatorsLM7805, L7812, MC7912 Miscellaneous componentRS23225 PIN PORT CameraUSB Type Biometric scanner Optical Processing unitPIC ControllerPIC16F877A Data TransmissionDual Driver/ReceiverMAX 232 RFID Zigbee TransceiverX-BEE GSM Modem- SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Visual basics 6. You read "Ece Project" in category "Essay examples" 0 (Front end Design) Mikro basic SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Visual basic is used to provide a simple interface about the program between user and system software. This is also used for storing the data and act as database for the system. MIKRO BASIC MikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the customer with the easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control. Highly advanced IDE, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready to run example programs should be more than enough to get you started in programming microcontrollers. FEATURES MikroBasic allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications: †¢Write your BASIC source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more†¦) †¢Use the included mikroBasic libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications†¦ Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported. †¢Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer. Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all programmers. †¢Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger. †¢Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more†¦ †¢We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit – that’s why we included them with the compiler. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION RFID TAGS Tags also sometimes are called â€Å"transponders†. RFID tags can come in many forms and sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted through the antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders [2] are Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and passive (that does not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical from the reader) RFID Transponders. RFID READER A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes the data to a computer for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag(s) integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing. WORKING OF RFID Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that â€Å"wakes up† the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action. FREQUENCIES OF RFID RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: †¢ Low frequency (LF) 125/134. 2 KHz. †¢ High frequency (HF) 13. 56 MHz. †¢ Ultra high frequency (UHF) (including 869 and 915 MHz). Microwave (at 2450 MHz, a band familiar to ISPs). A tag’s read range performance is usually considered the primary gauge of its suitability for a particular application. It is important to remember that not all applications require maximum range. Tags in the LF-HF band have a range of 1 to 18 inches, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 20 feet, and microwave tags can reach 1 to 6 feet. The ranges greatly depend upon the surface on which the tag is mounted. BLOCK DIAGRAM BIOMETRIC SYSTEM In today’s world, the need for effective security is evident. Without effective security, many everyday activities are compromised. Specific security concerns include: †¢Protecting computer systems, PDAs, mobile phones, Internet appliances and similar devices from unauthorized access or use †¢Protecting motor vehicles and other valuable items from unauthorized access or use preventing theft and fraud in financial transactions, in particular electronic transactions, including credit card payments and payments via the Internet. †¢ Restricting access to workplaces, warehouses and secures areas, such as military installations, to authorized personnel. Screening access to public transportation, in particular air travel. †¢ Authenticating the identity of an individual in drivers’ licenses, health cards, ID cards, and similar administrative documents. A major factor in ensuring security is the unique identification of individuals, or the authentication that a person is who he or she claims to be. This must be done reliably, rapidly, non-intrusively and at reasonable cost. In the past, this has been done by methods such as security tokens (passports, badges, etc. ), secure knowledge (passwords PIN codes, signature, etc. or recognition by a guardian (doorkeeper). These traditional approaches are all limited with respect to the above criteria. A promising approach for the future is biometrics. Biometrics offers a convenient, reliable and low-cost means of identifying or authenticating individuals, and can be implemented in unsupervised and remote situations. Biometrics seeks to identify individuals uniquely by measuring certain physical and behavioural characteristics and extracting a sample (also called a sampled template or live template) from these measurements in a standard data format. This sample is compared with a template (also called an enrolled template or signature), based on the same characteristics, that has been established as the unique identity of that individual and stored in the security system. A close match between sample and template confirms the identity of the individual. Attention has been focused on a small number of physical characteristics that can identify individuals uniquely, notably voice, gait, face, iris and retina patterns, palm prints and fingerprints. (DNA is excluded from this list because DNA sampling is intrusive and slow. Work is proceeding to develop electronic recognition systems based on all of these. This article focuses on fingerprints as the most advanced, mature and well-developed option. Based on centuries of experience and extensive research, fingerprints are at present considered to be the most reliable biometric for uniquely identifying an individual. In spite of some recent legal challenges in the USA, they are still r egarded as giving proof of identity beyond reasonable doubt in almost all cases. The majority of the biometric-based security systems in operation today are based on fingerprint recognition. Thumb Impression FINGERCHIP TECHNOLOGY Finger Chip IC for fingerprint image capture combines detection and data conversion circuitry in a single rectangular CMOS die. It captures the image of a fingerprint as the finger is swept vertically over the sensor window. It requires no external heat, light or radio source. FINGERCHIP SENSOR The Finger Chip sensor comprises an array of 8 rows by 280 columns, giving 2240 temperature-sensitive pixels. An additional dummy column is used for calibration and frame identification. The pixel pitch of 50 _m by 50 _m provides a resolution of 500 dpi over an image zone of 0. mm by 14 mm. This is adequate to capture a frame of the central portion of a fingerprint at an acceptable image resolution. This resolution also complies with the Image Quality Specification (IQS) from the IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System) of the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The pixel clock is programmable at up to 2 MHz, giving an outpu t of 1780 frames per second. This is more than adequate for a typical sweeping velocity. An image of the entire fingerprint is re-constructed from successive frames using software provided. Biometric sensor ZIGBEE ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60 KB and 256 KB flash memory. ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2. GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data transmission rates vary from 20 to 250 kilobits/second. The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and generic mesh networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its creation, the control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star netwo rks, the coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and meshes allow the use of ZigBee routers to extend communication at the network level. ZIGBEE STACK ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE standard 802. 5. 4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPAN’s. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDO’s) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favour total integration. Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most significant improvement is the introduction of ZDO’s. These are responsible for a number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join a network, device discovery and security. ZigBee is not intended to support power line networking but to interface with it at least for smart metering and smart appliance purposes. Because ZigBee nodes can go from sleep to active mode in 30msec or less, the latency can be low and devices can be responsive, particularly compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays, which are typically around three seconds. Because ZigBee nodes can sleep most of the time, average power consumption can be low, resulting in long battery life. PIC MICRO CONTROLLER FEATURES OF PIC (16F877A) †¢High-performance RISC CPU †¢Only 35 single word instructions to learn Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes †¢Power-on Reset (POR) †¢Power-up Timer (PWRT) and †¢Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) †¢Programmable code-protection †¢Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology †¢In-Circuit Debugging via two pins †¢Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability †¢Wide operating voltage range: 2. 0V to 5. 5V †¢Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges †¢Low-power consumption. PIC micro controller-16F877A High-performance RISC CPU: †¢Only 35 single–word instruction to learn Operating speed: †¢DC-20MHz clock input †¢DC-200ns instruction cycle Peripheral features: †¢Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USAT/SCI) with 9-bit address deduction. †¢Parallel slave port (PSP)-8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls. PIN DETAIL FOR MICROCONTROLLER Analog features: †¢10-bit, up to 8-channel analog –to- digital converter (A/D) †¢Analog Comparator module with two analog comparators †¢Programmable on – chip voltage reference (VREF) module †¢Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference †¢Comparator outputs are externally accessible Special Micro controller Features: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical †¢1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical †¢Data EEPROM Retention 40 years †¢Self-reprogram able under software control †¢Single-supply 5v In-Circuit Serial Programming Tm (ICSPTm) Via two pins †¢Watching Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for re liable operation †¢Programmable code protection †¢Power saving Sleep mode †¢Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins CMOS Technology: †¢Low power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology †¢Wide operating voltage range (2. 0v to 5. 5v) RS 232 PC in general cannot directly communicate with peripherals that are available. The reason behind this is the difference in their working logic. PC generally works in positive logic. The microcontroller that actually acts as the peripheral here works in negative logic. It becomes important to change the logic between them when they communicate with each other. RS232 is very important for standard serial interfacing with PC where change of logic is achieved. PC communicates with peripherals through serial com1 or com2, which communicates the data in terms of pulse form as follows. GSM MODULE RFID security system is based on GSM network technology for transmission of SMS from sender to receiver. SMS sending and receiving is used for ubiquitous access of information and allowing breach control at secured area. The system provide a sub-systems which gives us a control subsystem that enables the user to control area security remotely whereas the security alert subsystem provides the remote security monitoring. The main aspect of the security alert is to achieve detection on intrusion in the system and allow an automatic generation of SMS thus alerting the user against security risk. PC: This unit contains the software components such as the server and security System through which the area security can be controlled and monitored. GSM Modem: It is a hardware component that allows the capability to send and receive SMS to and from the system. The communication with the system takes place via RS232 serial port. Cell phone can be attached at the place of GSM hardware but it limits the hardware functionality such as sending or receiving of SMS. Mobile Device: Cellular phone containing SIM card has a specific number through which communication takes place. The device communicates with the GSM Modem via radio frequency. Mobile user transmits SMS using GSM technology. GSM Modem: GSM modem is a plug and play device and is attached to the PC which then communicates with the PC via RS232 port. GSM modem is a bridge responsible for enabling/ disabling of SMS capability. Cell Phone: Mobile device communicates with the GSM Modem via radio waves. The mode of communication is wireless and mechanism works on the GSM technology. Cell phone has a SIM card and a GSM subscription. This cell phone number is configured on the system. User transmits instructions via SMS and the system takes action against those instructions. WORKING OF GSM MODULE GSM hardware tests are run in order to check the hardware support. The system will call GSM modem and it will get activated. After activation the Modem will check for hardware support. If the hardware is missing or some other hardware problem there will be error, resulting in communication failure and the application will be terminated. If hardware responds then the serial port will be opened for communication and GSM hardware will allow transmission of SMS. The system will then connect and after connection establishment the system will be able to detect intrusion and will alert user about the breach and similarly the system will update status of appliances by receiving SMS from the pre-defined cell number. SMS will be silently ignored if cell number is unauthorized. The system uses GSM technology thus providing ubiquitous access to the system for security and automated appliance control. Therefore this paper proposes a system that allows user to be control and provide security on detection of intrusion via SMS using GSM technology. POWER SUPPLY Power supply is the basic unit that provides corresponding operating voltage to each circuit. In this 12V power supply is used in the project. 7805 represents the IC which works on the operating voltage of +5V. 7905 represents the IC works on the operating voltage of -5V. 7812 represents the IC which works on the operating voltage of +12V. 7912 represents the IC works on the operating voltage of -12V. BLOCK DIAGRAM Power supply unit consists of following units i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit iii) Input filter iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER Using step down uses it to step down the main supply voltage transformer. It consists of primary and secondary coils. The output from the Secondary coil is also AC waveforms we have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using Rectifier Unit. RECTIFIER UNIT We have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using rectifier. Bridge Rectifier is used to convert into DC voltage. This output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled forms we have to remove the ripples from DC voltage. INPUT FILTER Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only AC voltage and doesn’t allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. REGULATOR UNIT Regulator regulates the output voltage constant depends upon the regulator. it classifieds as follows i) Positive regulator 1— input pin 2— ground pin 3— output pin It regulates the positive voltage. ii) Negative regulator 1— ground pin 2— input pin 3— output pin It regulates the negative voltage. OUTPUT FILTER Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the capacitor is charging and Discharging. it charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only AC voltage and doesn’t allow the DC voltage. This fiter is fixed after the regulator. MERITS It is an advanced technology used for security purpose The main advantage is that its easy to use Comparing to all other technology it has high memory capacity The size of the RFID is small, therefore its compact CONCLUSION AND FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION RFID is one of the best technology used for barcode system , tags and transfer information. RFID adorns the management with a new idea and usher for a bright future. In the near future the RFID tag system will be replaced with NFC(near field communication) because of its high sensitivity Due to its customizable feature and continuing improvement the library communities are beginning to get involved in its development REFERENCES www. microchip. com www. dallas. com www. gsmfavorites. com http://www. shepherdcentre. com. au/ www. myprojects. com SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by ANISH ANTONY (080107117005) JISU JOHN ISAC (080107117039) KRISHNA PRABHA R(080107117055) KUNAL BHARDWAJ (080107117056) In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEKHNOLOGY, KANIYUR, COIMBATORE-641659. ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE 641 047 APRIL 2012 ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-641047 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report â€Å"SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID† is the bonafide work of â€Å"ANISH ANTONY, JISU JOHN ISAC, KRISHNA PRABHA R, KUNAL BHARDWAJ† who carried out the project work under my supervision. SIGNATURESIGNATURE Mr. MARIA ANTONY M. E Mrs. K. MUTHULAKSHMI. M. E. (PhD) SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Communication Engineering, Park College of Engineering Park College of Engineering and Technology, and Technology, Coimbatore – 641659. Coimbatore – 641659. INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OBJECTIVE 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3. 1 Existing System 3. 2 Proposed System 4. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 4. 1Hardware requirements 4. 2 Software requirements 5. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5. 1 Software description 5. Hardware description 6. BLOCK DIAGRAM 6. 1 block diagram description 7. MERITS 8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES ABSTRACT RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the quintessential pervasive computing technology. The heart of the utility is that RFID makes gathering information about physical objects easy. Information about RFID tagged objects can be read through physical barriers, and from a distance. Our project utilized these RFID tags to improve the security system of a building by introducing a system that could read the RFID tagged smart cards that are placed in proximity to an antenna. Our project comes with option of finger print system, GSM system and camera system attached with the main RFID system. This help in making the security full proof and reduce the possibility of breaches. RFID devices have three primary elements: a chip, an antenna, and a reader. A fourth important part of any RFID system is the database where information about tagged smart card is stored. For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. The modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices with efficient security measures. This project is implemented in real time system. INTRODUCTION The major problem faced by organizations in security breach is related with doors without proper security system on them for their protection. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. For wireless data transmission between tag and sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag. RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag (contains antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radiofrequency queries from an RFID transceiver). The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor. We try to enhance the security up to a very effective level so that there are minimum possibilities in the security breach. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. The system also creates a log containing check-in and check-out of each user along with basic information of user. OBJECTIVE The aim of the project is to design a system that have a small coverage area and can be use for authentication or identification purposes. â€Å"Security System Using RFID† is a system that uses RFID technology to maintain the security of the different rooms in same structure which can be monitored on real-time bases using the Database server (PC). This system prevents unauthorized entry in rooms. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. This ensures the reliability of the system and makes it difficult to breach. SYSTEM ANALYSIS EXISTING SYSTEM In the existing system, Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that â€Å"wakes up† the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action. The drawback in this system is the lack of security option available for the user. One can easily use others RFID tag to gain access in the desired place without their prior knowledge. This breach cannot be easily accounted as there is no record other then the RFID tag used which can mislead to undesirable situation. PROPOSED SYSTEM This system is of new kind in which finger print recognition system along with GSM and camera is newly added. In this system RFID along with ZigBee, microcontroller, biometric system, GSM, amplifier circuit, power supply, camera and database server (PC) is used. Different circuits work together to form an unreachable system so that the security can be enhanced to the maximum level possible. When RFID tag is sensed by the RFID receiver and finger print impression is given, the camera is activated which clicks the image of the user trying to access the system. This information is stored in the database along with time and date when the system was accessed and the GSM technology used in the system make sure that the concerned authority is notified about the activation of the system along with result. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS MODULESCOMPONENTNAME OF THE IC Power supplyVoltage RegulatorsLM7805, L7812, MC7912 Miscellaneous componentRS23225 PIN PORT CameraUSB Type Biometric scanner Optical Processing unitPIC ControllerPIC16F877A Data TransmissionDual Driver/ReceiverMAX 232 RFID Zigbee TransceiverX-BEE GSM Modem- SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Visual basics 6. 0 (Front end Design) Mikro basic SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Visual basic is used to provide a simple interface about the program between user and system software. This is also used for storing the data and act as database for the system. MIKRO BASIC MikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the customer with the easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control. Highly advanced IDE, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready to run example programs should be more than enough to get you started in programming microcontrollers. FEATURES MikroBasic allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications: †¢Write your BASIC source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more†¦) †¢Use the included mikroBasic libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications†¦ Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported. †¢Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer. †¢Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all programmers. Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger. †¢Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more†¦ †¢We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit †“ that’s why we included them with the compiler. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION RFID TAGS Tags also sometimes are called â€Å"transponders†. RFID tags can come in many forms and sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted through the antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders [2] are Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and passive (that does not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical from the reader) RFID Transponders. RFID READER A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes the data to a computer for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag(s) integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing. WORKING OF RFID Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that â€Å"wakes up† the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action. FREQUENCIES OF RFID RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: †¢ Low frequency (LF) 125/134. 2 KHz. †¢ High frequency (HF) 13. 56 MHz. †¢ Ultra high frequency (UHF) (including 869 and 915 MHz). †¢ Microwave (at 2450 MHz, a band familiar to ISPs). A tag’s read range performance is usually considered the primary gauge of its suitability for a particular application. It is important to remember that not all applications require maximum range. Tags in the LF-HF band have a range of 1 to 18 inches, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 20 feet, and microwave tags can reach 1 to 6 feet. The ranges greatly depend upon the surface on which the tag is mounted. BLOCK DIAGRAM BIOMETRIC SYSTEM In today’s world, the need for effective security is evident. Without effective security, many everyday activities are compromised. Specific security concerns include: †¢Protecting computer systems, PDAs, mobile phones, Internet appliances and similar devices from unauthorized access or use †¢Protecting motor vehicles and other valuable items from unauthorized access or use preventing theft and fraud in financial transactions, in particular electronic transactions, including credit card payments and payments via the Internet. †¢ Restricting access to workplaces, warehouses and secures areas, such as military installations, to authorized personnel. †¢ Screening access to public transportation, in particular air travel. Authenticating the identity of an individual in drivers’ licenses, health cards, ID cards, and similar administrative documents. A major factor in ensuring security is the unique identification of individuals, or the authentication that a person is who he or she claims to be. This must be done reliably, rapidly, non-intrusively and at reasonable cost. In the past, this has been done by methods such as security tokens (passports, badges, etc. ), secure knowledge (passwords PIN codes, signature, etc. ) or recognition by a guardian (doorkeeper). These traditional approaches are all limited with respect to the above criteria. A promising approach for the future is biometrics. Biometrics offers a convenient, reliable and low-cost means of identifying or authenticating individuals, and can be implemented in unsupervised and remote situations. Biometrics seeks to identify individuals uniquely by measuring certain physical and behavioural characteristics and extracting a sample (also called a sampled template or live template) from these measurements in a standard data format. This sample is compared with a template (also called an enrolled template or signature), based on the same characteristics, that has been established as he unique identity of that individual and stored in the security system. A close match between sample and template confirms the identity of the individual. Attention has been focused on a small number of physical characteristics that can identify individuals uniquely, notably voice, gait, face, iris and retina patterns, palm prints and fingerprints. (DNA is excluded from this list becau se DNA sampling is intrusive and slow. ) Work is proceeding to develop electronic recognition systems based on all of these. This article focuses on fingerprints as the most advanced, mature and well-developed option. Based on centuries of experience and extensive research, fingerprints are at present considered to be the most reliable biometric for uniquely identifying an individual. In spite of some recent legal challenges in the USA, they are still regarded as giving proof of identity beyond reasonable doubt in almost all cases. The majority of the biometric-based security systems in operation today are based on fingerprint recognition. Thumb Impression FINGERCHIP TECHNOLOGY Finger Chip IC for fingerprint image capture combines detection and data conversion circuitry in a single rectangular CMOS die. It captures the image of a fingerprint as the finger is swept vertically over the sensor window. It requires no external heat, light or radio source. FINGERCHIP SENSOR The Finger Chip sensor comprises an array of 8 rows by 280 columns, giving 2240 temperature-sensitive pixels. An additional dummy column is used for calibration and frame identification. The pixel pitch of 50 _m by 50 _m provides a resolution of 500 dpi over an image zone of 0. 4 mm by 14 mm. This is adequate to capture a frame of the central portion of a fingerprint at an acceptable image resolution. This resolution also complies with the Image Quality Specification (IQS) from the IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System) of the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The pixel clock is programmable at up to 2 MHz, giving an output of 1780 frames per second. This is more than adequate for a typical sweeping velocity. An image of the entire fingerprint is re-constructed from successive frames using software provided. Biometric sensor ZIGBEE ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60 KB and 256 KB flash memory. ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2. GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data transmission rates vary from 20 to 250 kilobits/second. The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and generic mesh networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its creation, the control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star networks, the coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and mes hes allow the use of ZigBee routers to extend communication at the network level. ZIGBEE STACK ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE standard 802. 5. 4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPAN’s. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDO’s) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favour total integration. Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most significant improvement is the introduction of ZDO’s. These are responsible for a number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join a network, device discovery and security. ZigBee is not intended to support power line networking but to interface with it at least for smart metering and smart appliance purposes. Because ZigBee nodes can go from sleep to active mode in 30msec or less, the latency can be low and devices can be responsive, particularly compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays, which are typically around three seconds. Because ZigBee nodes can sleep most of the time, average power consumption can be low, resulting in long battery life. PIC MICRO CONTROLLER FEATURES OF PIC (16F877A) †¢High-performance RISC CPU †¢Only 35 single word instructions to learn Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes †¢Power-on Reset (POR) †¢Power-up Timer (PWRT) and †¢Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) †¢Programmable code-protection †¢Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology †¢In-Circuit Debugging via two pins †¢Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability †¢Wide operating voltage range: 2. 0V to 5. 5V †¢Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges †¢Low-power consumption. PIC micro controller-16F877A High-performance RISC CPU: †¢Only 35 single–word instruction to learn Operating speed: †¢DC-20MHz clock input †¢DC-200ns instruction cycle Peripheral features: †¢Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USAT/SCI) with 9-bit address deduction. †¢Parallel slave port (PSP)-8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls. PIN DETAIL FOR MICROCONTROLLER Analog features: †¢10-bit, up to 8-channel analog –to- digital converter (A/D) †¢Analog Comparator module with two analog comparators †¢Programmable on – chip voltage reference (VREF) module †¢Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference †¢Comparator outputs are externally accessible Special Micro controller Features: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical †¢1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical †¢Data EEPROM Retention 40 years †¢Self-reprogram able under software control †¢Single-supply 5v In-Circuit Serial Programming Tm (ICSPTm) Via two pins †¢Watching Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for re liable operation †¢Programmable code protection †¢Power saving Sleep mode †¢Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins CMOS Technology: †¢Low power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology †¢Wide operating voltage range (2. 0v to 5. 5v) RS 232 PC in general cannot directly communicate with peripherals that are available. The reason behind this is the difference in their working logic. PC generally works in positive logic. The microcontroller that actually acts as the peripheral here works in negative logic. It becomes important to change the logic between them when they communicate with each other. RS232 is very important for standard serial interfacing with PC where change of logic is achieved. PC communicates with peripherals through serial com1 or com2, which communicates the data in terms of pulse form as follows. GSM MODULE RFID security system is based on GSM network technology for transmission of SMS from sender to receiver. SMS sending and receiving is used for ubiquitous access of information and allowing breach control at secured area. The system provide a sub-systems which gives us a control subsystem that enables the user to control area security remotely whereas the security alert subsystem provides the remote security monitoring. The main aspect of the security alert is to achieve detection on intrusion in the system and allow an automatic generation of SMS thus alerting the user against security risk. PC: This unit contains the software components such as the server and security System through which the area security can be controlled and monitored. GSM Modem: It is a hardware component that allows the capability to send and receive SMS to and from the system. The communication with the system takes place via RS232 serial port. Cell phone can be attached at the place of GSM hardware but it limits the hardware functionality such as sending or receiving of SMS. Mobile Device: Cellular phone containing SIM card has a specific number through which communication takes place. The device communicates with the GSM Modem via radio frequency. Mobile user transmits SMS using GSM technology. GSM Modem: GSM modem is a plug and play device and is attached to the PC which then communicates with the PC via RS232 port. GSM modem is a bridge responsible for enabling/ disabling of SMS capability. Cell Phone: Mobile device communicates with the GSM Modem via radio waves. The mode of communication is wireless and mechanism works on the GSM technology. Cell phone has a SIM card and a GSM subscription. This cell phone number is configured on the system. User transmits instructions via SMS and the system takes action against those instructions. WORKING OF GSM MODULE GSM hardware tests are run in order to check the hardware support. The system will call GSM modem and it will get activated. After activation the Modem will check for hardware support. If the hardware is missing or some other hardware problem there will be error, resulting in communication failure and the application will be terminated. If hardware responds then the serial port will be opened for communication and GSM hardware will allow transmission of SMS. The system will then connect and after connection establishment the system will be able to detect intrusion and will alert user about the breach and similarly the system will update status of appliances by receiving SMS from the pre-defined cell number. SMS will be silently ignored if cell number is unauthorized. The system uses GSM technology thus providing ubiquitous access to the system for security and automated appliance control. Therefore this paper proposes a system that allows user to be control and provide security on detection of intrusion via SMS using GSM technology. POWER SUPPLY Power supply is the basic unit that provides corresponding operating voltage to each circuit. In this 12V power supply is used in the project. 7805 represents the IC which works on the operating voltage of +5V. 7905 represents the IC works on the operating voltage of -5V. 7812 represents the IC which works on the operating voltage of +12V. 7912 represents the IC works on the operating voltage of -12V. BLOCK DIAGRAM Power supply unit consists of following units i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit iii) Input filter iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER Using step down uses it to step down the main supply voltage transformer. It consists of primary and secondary coils. The output from the Secondary coil is also AC waveforms we have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using Rectifier Unit. RECTIFIER UNIT We have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using rectifier. Bridge Rectifier is used to convert into DC voltage. This output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled forms we have to remove the ripples from DC voltage. INPUT FILTER Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only AC voltage and doesn’t allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. REGULATOR UNIT Regulator regulates the output voltage constant depends upon the regulator. it classifieds as follows i) Positive regulator 1— input pin 2— ground pin 3— output pin It regulates the positive voltage. ii) Negative regulator 1— ground pin 2— input pin 3— output pin It regulates the negative voltage. OUTPUT FILTER Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the capacitor is charging and Discharging. it charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only AC voltage and doesn’t allow the DC voltage. This fiter is fixed after the regulator. MERITS It is an advanced technology used for security purpose The main advantage is that its easy to use Comparing to all other technology it has high memory capacity The size of the RFID is small, therefore its compact CONCLUSION AND FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION RFID is one of the best technology used for barcode system , tags and transfer information. RFID adorns the management with a new idea and usher for a bright future. In the near future the RFID tag system will be replaced with NFC(near field communication) because of its high sensitivity Due to its customizable feature and continuing improvement the library communities are beginning to get involved in its development REFERENCES www. microchip. com www. dallas. com www. gsmfavorites. com http://www. shepherdcentre. com. au/ www. myprojects. com SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by ANISH ANTONY (080107117005) JISU JOHN ISAC (080107117039) KRISHNA PRABHA R(080107117055) KUNAL BHARDWAJ (080107117056) In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEKHNOLOGY, KANIYUR, COIMBATORE-641659. ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE 641 047 APRIL 2012 ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-641047 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report â€Å"SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID† is the bonafide work of â€Å"ANISH ANTONY, JISU JOHN ISAC, KRISHNA PRABHA R, KUNAL BHARDWAJ† who carried out the project work under my supervision. SIGNATURESIGNATURE Mr. MARIA ANTONY M. E Mrs. K. MUTHULAKSHMI. M. E. (PhD) SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Communication Engineering, Park College of Engineering Park College of Engineering and Technology, and Technology, Coimbatore – 641659. Coimbatore – 641659. INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OBJECTIVE 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3. 1 Existing System 3. 2 Proposed System 4. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 4. 1Hardware requirements 4. 2 Software requirements 5. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5. 1 Software description 5. Hardware description 6. BLOCK DIAGRAM 6. 1 block diagram description 7. MERITS 8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES ABSTRACT RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the quintessential pervasive computing technology. The heart of the utility is that RFID makes gathering information about physical objects easy. Information about RFID tagged objects can be read through physical barriers, and from a distance. Our project utilized these RFID tags to improve the security system of a building by introducing a system that could read the RFID tagged smart cards that are placed in proximity to an antenna. Our project comes with option of finger print system, GSM system and camera system attached with the main RFID system. This help in making the security full proof and reduce the possibility of breaches. RFID devices have three primary elements: a chip, an antenna, and a reader. A fourth important part of any RFID system is the database where information about tagged smart card is stored. For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. The modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices with efficient security measures. This project is implemented in real time system. INTRODUCTION The major problem faced by organizations in security breach is related with doors without proper security system on them for their protection. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. For wireless data transmission between tag and sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag. RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag (contains antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radiofrequency queries from an RFID transceiver). The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor. We try to enhance the security up to a very effective level so that there are minimum possibilities in the security breach. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. The system also creates a log containing check-in and check-out of each user along with basic information of user. OBJECTIVE The aim of the project is to design a system that have a small coverage area and can be use for authentication or identification purposes. â€Å"Security System Using RFID† is a system that uses RFID technology to maintain the security of the different rooms in same structure which can be monitored on real-time bases using the Database server (PC). This system prevents unauthorized entry in rooms. For this purpose we are introducing a multilevel security system which consists of finger print impression, camera and GSM module along with RFID system. This ensures the reliability of the system and makes it difficult to breach. SYSTEM ANALYSIS EXISTING SYSTEM In the existing system, Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that â€Å"wakes up† the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action. The drawback in this system is the lack of security option available for the user. One can easily use others RFID tag to gain access in the desired place without their prior knowledge. This breach cannot be easily accounted as there is no record other then the RFID tag used which can mislead to undesirable situation. PROPOSED SYSTEM This system is of new kind in which finger print recognition system along with GSM and camera is newly added. In this system RFID along with ZigBee, microcontroller, biometric system, GSM, amplifier circuit, power supply, camera and database server (PC) is used. Different circuits work together to form an unreachable system so that the security can be enhanced to the maximum level possible. When RFID tag is sensed by the RFID receiver and finger print impression is given, the camera is activated which clicks the image of the user trying to access the system. This information is stored in the database along with time and date when the system was accessed and the GSM technology used in the system make sure that the concerned authority is notified about the activation of the system along with result. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS MODULESCOMPONENTNAME OF THE IC Power supplyVoltage RegulatorsLM7805, L7812, MC7912 Miscellaneous componentRS23225 PIN PORT CameraUSB Type Biometric scanner Optical Processing unitPIC ControllerPIC16F877A Data TransmissionDual Driver/ReceiverMAX 232 RFID Zigbee TransceiverX-BEE GSM Modem- SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Visual basics 6. 0 (Front end Design) Mikro basic SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Visual basic is used to provide a simple interface about the program between user and system software. This is also used for storing the data and act as database for the system. MIKRO BASIC MikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PIC m How to cite Ece Project, Essay examples